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Pain Relief For Cancer Patients?

Oct 15

Eezapein

Ease Pain Naturally: neck,back, shoulder,arms, hands & fingers, menstrual cramping

Benefits

  • Non-addictive hot tea
  • Stimulates the body’s natural healing response
  • Calms the mind and body
  • Natural herbal remedies

Karen had an advanced case of breast cancer when her friend asked her to see me. Doctors had given up hope on her and wouldn’t operate and told her it was too late to treat her. She was looking for some sort of alternative health solution for the pain she was in, not the cancer, since she knew her time was limited.

At the time, I knew of nothing that could be used for the pain. In alternative health practice, the answer to reducing pain is to eliminate the cause of the pain, and in Karen’s case, this solution looked pretty grim. Certainly one could try supportive measures such as increase CoQ10 and germanium levels that would oxygenate the tissues and possibly activate some healing, or try using acupuncture to open all the right energy channels for healing energy to flow through. But as far as an actual pain relief formula for cancer goes, that drew a big blank.

I find that by posing questions during the day in my mind, answers always seem to pop up and sometimes they do within a few days. Sometimes the answer comes in a matter of minutes.

How can cancer patients get pain relief? Certainly there must be an answer out there. Enough people have gone through the ravages of cancer and someone must have tried something that worked for at least 10 to 25% of those suffering from cancer.

The answer came through an indirect way. A friend had told me about her journey through life the last year, watching four of her good friends die of cancer. It was heart-wrenching to see her friends suffer. She began searching for pain relief solutions for cancer patients. After a few months, she found one.

I learned that pain from cancer ruins the quality of life they have, and does it rapidly. One-third to almost a half of all cancer patients experience moderate to severe pain during their bout of cancer. In those with advanced cases of cancer, that percentage jumps to between 70 and 90%. The sad news is that cancer survivors can continue to suffer from the pain years later. What an unfair situation that is, to have recovered from cancer and then be left with the pain and no solution for pain relief anywhere!

My friend found an herbal combination that was specifically designed by Chinese herbalists to control the cancer pain. It was actually designed as a pain relief solution for cancer victims. She had recommended it to some people who used the herbal pain relief formula and it had worked quite well, she said.

Some of the herbs included in the formula are Notoginseng, Red Sage, Red Peony, Cnidium and other analgesic herbs. As a master herbalist, I knew there were herbs that could interact with the nervous system and some that had the capability to decrease substance P, the substance responsible for pain sensations, but had never been taught what herbs to mix together to accomplish the degree of pain relief that cancer patients needed. It makes total sense physiologically and herbally that an all natural herbal formula could make a difference in pain management.

The good news was that the Chinese had already created the pain relief formula for cancer pain. As an herbalist, if you come across a formula that works, the rule is leave it alone! Use it.

I was sad that Karen, the woman with advanced breast cancer, moved away and was unreachable for me to share the good news. But the thought of helping others find a solution for pain relief for cancer was important enough to write this article.

Herbs are the way of life for many of the world’s populations. There’s a reason for it: they work. Even in difficult cases of cancer, it is possible to get some cancer relief. For more info, visit http://www.immuneenhance.com/products/eezapein/

Dr. Donna Schwontkowski is a retired chiropractic physician and also a Master Herbalist. For more info or to sign up for regular updates on herbs and cancer, visit her website at http://www.drdonna.net

Popularity: 4% [?]

Health and Nutritional Supplements, You Need Both

Oct 09

ENERhance is a natural herbal supplement.

Also contains vitamins & minerals.

Increases energy without caffeine.

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Health and Nutritional Supplements, You Need Both

By: Tan Kim Kia

Health is the greatest treasure a man can have.

There are several factors that influence our health. Among them we find the pollution, stress, inadequate nutrition. All these factors are hurtful to our body.

Did you know that in a whole year we consume over four kilos and a half to five kilos of poisonous substances present in our food?

If not eliminated, these substances create a chaotic movement of our body cells and generate a favorable ground for the action of free radicals. These free radicals generate a great diversity of cancer forms.

Health depends on an adequate diet too. “Scientific evidence in support of the health benefits of nutritional supplements has grown dramatically in recent years,” said Jeffrey Blumberg, Ph.D., a professor in the School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University in Boston. “We must now work to translate this knowledge to health care providers, policy makers and consumers so the simple actions people can take to promote their health and prevent disease can be more fully realized. The impact of a rational use of dietary supplements can also help reduce health care costs which escalate every year as our population grows older.

Symptoms

Many problems such as : lack of energy, insomnia, headaches, depression, mood swings, anxiety, easy bruising, bleeding gums, slow wound healing etc. can be traced directly to deficiencies in specific vitamins and minerals.

Circumstances

Because of the methods applied nowadays in agriculture, which destroy the natural mineral substances, we cannot be sure that the agricultural products ensure us the necessary vitamins and minerals. Although all people should try to have healthy and balanced diet, few in reality do.

Nutritional Supplements to bridge your nutrition gaps

More and more people try the nutritional supplements as a way to combat the nutritional deficiencies and to ensure the necessary of vital nutrients for maintaining the quality of their life. Before you start taking nutritional supplements you must know a few things about them.

Nutritional supplements represent a support to our body. The nutritional supplements clean the human body and restore the deficiencies present inside. While taken constantly, nutritional supplements promote good health and help prevent disease. Nutritional supplements represent a good thing that we need . Here are a few things that you might consider before taking nutritional supplements:

1. Everybody can consume nutritional supplement and mostly if is diagnosed with a nutritional deficiency.

2. You must find out if you have a nutritional deficiency.

3. Ask your physician if it is safe for you to take nutritional supplements.

4. Does this supplement interacts with any drug or food you are consuming?

5. If you want to know more you can read about it or you can find more information at nutritional supplements guide from the Internet.

Quality

Regarding their quality, the nutritional supplements must be natural, easy to assimilate, must have a high nutritional value, must come from ecologically non-polluted areas and must be certified.

On the market are thousands of dietary supplements. Great companies fight for a place on the market. Each of them offers a diversity of products. These products seem to bring the same benefits to our body but they are in fact very different one from another. The difference is obvious when you read the label and you see the ingredients. The ingredients are the ones which make the products so valuable.

Research

The nutritional supplements are usually obtained after a period of research.

The research services work hard in order to offer us good products having great and rapid effects. It would be good for you when you choose to take nutritional supplements to inform upon the company which produces the products. If it is a world leadership or if it is among the greatest in the world than you may decide to consume the products it proposes to you. They are first tested over and over again and are only then offered to the public.

So we must be very careful when choosing nutritional supplements and do not forget to consult your physician!

About the Author:

Allan Tan Kim Kia is an nutrition scholar and author of Best Vitamin Supplements Guide who provides tips and advice how to choose and where to buy best vitamin supplements online. http://www.best-vitamin-supplements-guide.com

Printed From: http://www.articlesbase.com/nutrition-articles/health-and-nutritional-supplements-you-need-both-83822.html

Popularity: 1% [?]

USA Today Health News

Sep 27

Popularity: 4% [?]

One Virus Particle Is Enough To Cause Infectious Disease

Sep 05

ENERhance
Boost and Restore Energy: natural herbs, vitamins & minerals

Secondary Benefits

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One Virus Particle Is Enough To Cause Infectious Disease

ScienceDaily (Mar. 14, 2009) — Can exposure to a single virus particle lead to infection or disease? Until now, solid proof has been lacking. Experimental research with insect larvae at Wageningen University and Simon Fraser University in Canada has shown that one virus particle is theoretically enough to cause infection and subsequent disease.

A virus population is usually composed of a collection of variants of virus particles. In order to  investigate whether virus particles (virions) can cause an infection independently from each other, and therefore individually, the researchers set up an experiment with two ‘marked’ virus variants. They exposed a population of hosts (caterpillars) to both variants.

The experiment showed that exposure to a low dosage of virus particles resulted in a small number host infections (20%). The majority of these hosts (86%) turned out to be infected by a single virus genotype. In contrast, exposure to a high dosage of virus particles resulted in virtually all the hosts (99%) becoming infected, where most of the hosts were infected by both types of virus. Only 14% were infected by only one of the two variants.

Based on the assumption that every virus particle operates independently from all other virus particles, the researchers set up a probability model. This model predicts how many virus particles have caused an infection and how many different virus genotypes are present in infected hosts, such as plants, insects or people. The results of the infection experiment with the susceptible insects are in agreement with the model predictions. From this it can be derived that the virus particles have an independent effect, and that a single virus particle can indeed cause infection and/or disease.

If there are few virus particles that lead to an infection, the number of virus particles determines the degree of diversity that can be present within the host. This is an important finding because the interactions between virus variants, such as competition and exchanging genetic information, determine the progression of disease and the evolution of the virus.

Until now, it was unclear whether a virus must be seen as an individual that can infect a host independently, or whether a cloud of viruses ‘cooperates’ to cause an infection. It is not yet known if the viruses that affect people can also act individually, but this research shows that it is possible.

The researchers recently published this finding in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.


Journal reference:

1. Mark P Zwart, Lia Hemerik, Jenny S Cory, J. Arjan G.M de Visser, Felix J.J.A Bianchi, Monique M Van Oers, Just M Vlak, Rolf F Hoekstra, and Wopke Van der Werf. An experimental test of the independent action hypothesis in virus%u2013insect pathosystems. Proc. R. Soc. B, 2009; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0064..Adapted from materials provided by Wageningen University and Research Centre.

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Natural Herbs – Nausea, a Side Effect of Chemotherapy

Jul 25

Fight Nausea, Vomiting, IBS

  • Regulates GI system
  • Eases diarrhea and constipation
  • Curbs body fluid loss due to diarrhea
  • Alleviates mouth sores and dry mouth
  • Stimulates appetite-increases the secretion of digestive enzymes

By Thomas Garran

Nausea is one of the more uncomfortable sensations a person can experience. The causes of nausea range from motion sickness to side-effects from Western drugs. Eating excessive amounts of cold, fatty, sweet, spicy, or processed food can also lead to conditions where nausea is a symptom. Chinese medicine views nausea as an abnormal upward movement of “qi” from the stomach, and anyone who has experienced nausea can attest to the “abnormal” feeling like something that should be down, wants to come up.

In light of this, Chinese medicine treats nausea with a number of different methods. First, to deal with the acute sick feeling Chinese medicine uses herbs that help to “redirect” the qi of the stomach downward. There are a number of herbs that are very good for this purpose Fennel, Tangerine peel, and Ginger are three of the most important. Ginger is very well researched for this and all three are very safe as well as being effective.
Next, Chinese medicine looks at the possible causes of nausea and treats them. One of the most common causes is poor digestion or the inability to digest excessively in the diet. This can be due to either weakness or poor eating habits. When a person has poor eating habits food can accumulate, especially meat and fats. Chinese Hawthorne is the most important herb to treat this condition and is widely used in China by people on a daily basis or during holidays when they tend to over-eat.

To strengthen the digestion there are a number of excellent herbs. The combination of Bai-zhu Atractylodes, Codonopsis, Chinese Licorice, and Poria is called the “Four Gentlemen” is the most famous combination in Chinese medicine to strengthen the digestion. When Ginger and Tangerine peel are added this become the “Six Gentlemen” and is particularly useful when there is digestive weakness leading to nausea, vomiting, and other digestive difficulties.

When the digestion is weak its ability to process food and fluids is poor and they can accumulate, especially fluids. The combination of Job’s Tears, Poria, and Astragalus are very good for both strengthening and helping the body to rid itself of this accumulated fluid. Finally, sometimes there is inflammation in the stomach and the combination of Dendrobium and Job’s Tears is excellent to cool the inflammation and nourish the stomach.

Most people will suffer occasionally from this very uncomfortable ailment. The use of Chinese herbs can be extremely helpful in treating this and relieving the suffering of an otherwise disturbing time. For those that have a chronic nausea problem, Chinese herbs could be the answer they are looking for.

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Thomas Avery Garran is a Chinese medicine practitioner with 17 years of experience, a number of articles, and a book, “Western Herbs According Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Practitioners Guide.” His blog is http://sourcepointherbs.blogspot.com.

Popularity: 4% [?]

Influenza And Bacterial Pneumonia Make For Harmful Super-infection

Jul 23

ENERhance

Boost and Restore Energy: natural herbs, vitamins & minerals

Secondary Benefits

  • Strengthen the immune system
  • Helps individuals speed recovery from illnesses
  • Contains Astragalus, Poria seed, Ginseng, Reishi Mushroom
**********************************************

Influenza And Bacterial Pneumonia Make For Harmful Super-infection

ScienceDaily

Influenza, or flu, is an unpleasant affair with fever, cough, as well as head and body ache.
When this illness is further complicated by a
bacterialpneumonia, a harmful super-infection develops. Until now, researchers thought
that the flu facilitates an infection with pneumonia bacteria because it leads
to a decrease of immune cells in the blood and thus impairs the body's
defenses.
A joint venture from researchers from the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection
Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, the Otto-von-Guericke-University in Magdeburg,
and the Karolinska institute in Sweden have taken an in-depth look at the
connection between flu infection and pneumonia. Their results have disproven a
common theory about flu-like pneumonia.

Some viral infections trigger a decrease of immune cells in the blood – a
so-called "lymphopenia". The reasons behind it and whether this is
the case with influenza are unknown. To investigate the latter, HZI researchers
infected mice with flu viruses and measured the amount of immune cells in the
animal's blood every day. Some days later, flu-infected mice received a dosage
of pneumonia bacteria usually harmless for healthy mice. While the flu-infected
mice did develop a superinfection & subsequently died, surprisingly, they
were not suffering from lymphopenia. The healthy, non-flu-infected mice
defeated the bacteria successfully and recovered.

To discover whether a lack of immune cells encourages an infection with
pneumonia bacteria in general, an artificial drug-induced lymphopenia was
established in the mice. Without infecting these lymphopenic mice with flu
viruses, they received pneumonia bacteria. Despite a severe lack of immune
cells, the mice recovered completely.

With these results, the researchers could show that influenza facilitates
and intensifies an infection from pneumonia bacteria, while disproving the
common idea that this is caused by a lack of immune cells. "This result
was an enormous surprise for us because it directly contradicts widespread
assumptions", says Sabine Stegemann, researcher in the groups "Immune
regulation" at the HZI and "Molecular Immunology" at the
Otto-von-Guericke-University in Magdeburg.

"Now we want to understand the reasons for the increased
susceptibility", says Matthias Gunzer, head of the group in Magdeburg.
"It could be interplay of weakened mucous membranes and scavenger cells
that induce ideal conditions for pneumonia bacteria to create a deadly lung infection.
Another reason may be a reaction of the host immune system: It disables
hyperactive flu-fighting immune cells to inhibit destruction of healthy lung
tissue. "The immune system keeps itself under control and that makes it
easy for pneumonia bacteria to infect the lung", says Gunzer.
Increased Susceptibility for Superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae
during Influenza Virus Infection Is Not Caused by TLR7-Mediated Lymphopenia 2009; 

Adapted from materials provided by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres,
via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.



Popularity: 11% [?]

Healthy Immune System – Boost It Now & Avoid Illness & Disease

Jun 24

Immune System Booster. Natural Herbal Product
___________________________________________________________________
If you want a healthy immune system this article is for you as the advantages include, more energy, more resilience to getting illnesses and quicker recovery time. Looking after your immune system is important, so here are some simple tips to help you achieve a stronger immune system.
A healthy immune system will protect your body against minor ailments and even more serious ones,, that can be fatal.

You need to eat the right foods for a healthy immune system. If you do, not only will you have see improvements in your skin and also receive an energy boost.

Here are your 10 simple tips to keep your immune system healthy.

The key to a healthy immune system is a regular supply of raw natural foods and detoxification of the body and these diet changes will help.

1. Garlic

The garlic bulb has gained recognition as a medicinal remedy in Chinese and Western cultures and has often been referred to as a “Wonder drug among all herbs”

Garlic’s active ingredient allicin, destroys, and inhibits various bacteria and fungi, growing in the body

When allicin combines with the enzyme allinase, which then acts as an antibacterial agent.

1. Effective in lowering the risk of heart disease

2. Enhances the resistance of the immune system

3. Protects the liver from damage induced by pollutants.

4. Helps in the treatment of digestive disorders.

5. Helps in the treatment of high blood pressure, bladder infection, flu, liver and gallbladder problems.

2. Chew your food

Chewing your food will help the absorption of nutrients

1. Get Plenty of fruit and vegetables

You need three to five portions a day. If you are always on the juice them for a pick me up drink or get a green plant supplement

2. Diet

As an occasional treat fine but they contain refined carbohydrates which simply are stripped of nutrients and have the added disadvantage of making you fat. Try and eat food as naturally as you can to get essential nutrients.

Vitamins A, C and E are antioxidants: they slow down the aging process and protect the body from cancer, heart disease and pollution and a raw unprocessed diet will ensure you get them.

3. EPA -Omega 3

EPA is a nutrient extracted from omega 3 fatty acids; these “good fats” are found in oily fish salmon mackerel, herring’s pilchards and sardines.

Omega 3, and in particular EPA, is believed to be of particular importance for eye and brain function.

Extensive clinical studies over the past 40 using omega 3 fish oil conclude it can help with the following ailments and diseases:

1. Depression

2. M.E,

3. Bipolar disorder

4. Huntington’s

5. Chronic fatigue syndrome

6. OCD

7. Schizophrenia.

4. Echinacea

Echinacea is a bought mainly by people wishing to prevent colds.

It is also reported to boost immunity for battling upper respiratory infections.

Laboratory testing shows that it contains echinacoside, an ingredient that HAS antibiotic effects.

Another ingredient, echinacein, is seen as a preventative property to stop infectious viruses or bacteria invading the body tissue. Health Benefits include:

1. Has anti-viral properties and as an effective antibiotic

2. Enhances the body’s immune system

3. Has anti-inflammatory properties which is used to treat arthritis and lymphatic swelling

4. Used in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, indigestion, gastroenteritis, and weight loss

5. Used to treat respiratory illnesses, mononucleosis, ear infections, septicemia (blood poisoning), and bladder infections.

The above is a positive start!

The above are 4 simple ways to boost the immune system but boosting the immune system does not just rely on diet.

You also need to do adequate moderate exercise ( A brisk 30 minute walk each day will do ) remove stress from your life and finally, adopt a positive attitude ( these are covered in our other articles ) and you will have all round protection.

The immune system is your defense against illness disease and death so everyone needs to look after it for optimum health and happiness.

More info: On all aspects of health and more on visit our website for a huge resource of articles, features and downloads and at http://www.net-planet.org/index.html


By sacha tarkovsky

Popularity: 5% [?]

Pain – Chinese Herbs That Help Relieve Suffering

Jun 19

  • Reduces inflammation

  • Pain  & Joint Stiffness

  • Cramping

By Thomas Garran

Pain is a common response to various types of conditions in the body. Mostly, people experience pain due to physical injury but pain can be caused by arthritis, shingles, cancer, menstrual problems, and many other diseases. The pain response is generally thought to be a way that the body tells the mind that there is a problem. Unfortunately, the sensation of pain is often very difficult to bear and can lead to a variety of health problems in itself such as loss of sleep, depletion of energy, further illness, and a general loss of well-being. This is, of course, not to mention a person’s inability to perform some basic functions in their life such as work, certain physical movements, and even just sitting can be a challenge. This article will address some of the basic causes of pain and how some herbs from Chinese medicine can help to relieve pain.

In Chinese medicine it is said that when there is pain there is stagnation of blood or qi, or both. This roughly means that there are various biological functions of the body that are not flowing smoothly and can often lead to or be the result of inflammatory conditions. For this reason Chinese herbs are used to encourage (quicken) the blood flow and move the qi. At the same time “clearing heat,” i.e. reducing inflammation is a common strategy used to assist in the relieving pain.

There are a number of herbs is Chinese medicine that relieve pain by encouraging the blood flow and moving qi. Of these, Notoginseng, Red Peony, Curcuma rhizome (Turmeric), Ligusticum (Cnidium), Carthamus (Safflower), and Red Sage are some of the most frequently used herbs for encouraging the flow of blood and relieving pain. Notoginseng is probably the most famous for the treatment of pain and is also used to stop bleeding. Turmeric, Red Sage, and Red Peony are used for relieving pain, especially associated with various types of inflammation including, but not limited to arthritis. Red Sage is also very famous for the treatment of various circulatory conditions and is extremely important in the treatment of impaired circulation due to high cholesterol and diabetes. Ligusticum is used for many types of pain and is used extensively for headaches and menstrual pain. Carthamus is used in Chinese medicine for many different types of pain and is considered a very strong herb for encouraging the flow of blood.

Cyperus is one of the most important herbs in Chinese medicine for moving the qi. It is very effective to relieve pain in the abdomen and breasts associated with menstruation. This herb is very often combined with White Peony for menstrual pain and breast tenderness/pain in premenstrual conditions. It is sometimes also combined with Chinese Hawthorn for the treatment of digestive complaints such as pain in the stomach and intestines.

Chinese Licorice is one of the most frequently used herbs in Chinese medicine and is often combined with many of the above herbs to “harmonize” their action. Also, Chinese Licorice is combined with White Peony in a famous formula to relieve abdominal pain due to digestive problems.

Pain is tiring and Astragalus is well known to increase the strength and endurance of the body. Because healing requires strength, Astragalus is a very good herb to help the body endure pain as well as heal from it.

While pain is inevitable in life, suffering is optional. The above herbs are very effective in the treatment of a variety of conditions caused for resulting from pain. They are generally safe and often effective.

  • Reduces inflammation
  • Pain  & Joint Stiffness
  • Cramping

Thomas Avery Garran is a Chinese medicine practitioner with 17 years of experience, a number of articles, and a book, “Western Herbs According Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Practitioners Guide.” His blog is http://sourcepointherbs.blogspot.com .

Popularity: 1% [?]

Four Reasons Why Chemotherapy Patients are Tired-And What to Do About It

Jun 05

ENERhance

Boost and Restore Energy: natural herbs, vitamins & minerals

Secondary Benefits

  • Strengthen the immune system
  • Helps individuals speed recovery from illnesses
  • Contains Astragalus, Poria seed, Ginseng, Reishi Mushroom

____________________________________________________________If you are undergoing chemotherapy treatments, you certainly have noticed that you’re tired. Not just tired where you can go take a nap and wake up refreshed, but so tired from the chemotherapy that you have no energy to do anything. You’re drained and it feels as if there’s not much you can do about it. What a challenging state to be in!

There are four reasons why chemotherapy patients are tired and fatigued, and the good news is that there is a solution that doesn’t require much effort to make a difference.

1. Low levels of white blood cells. This can result naturally from the cancer or from the cancer treatments themselves. Low levels of white blood cells mean that your army of immune system cells is dwindling, and the ones left to fight are taking on all the work themselves! That’s why you end up with fatigue.

2. Low levels of red blood cells. This can result naturally from the cancer or results from the cancer treatments as well. When you don’t have enough red blood cells, the oxygen can’t get to the tissues and the result is that you get tired. It’s the same type of fatigue noticed in those with iron deficiency anemia.

3. Abnormal growth of tumors. When tumors start growing faster, the growth spurt is draining on the body.

4. Side effects of cancer treatments. This is the most common reason that chemotherapy patients and radiation patients feet fatigued and tired.

The big question is this – is there something that can help alleviate the fatigue that chemotherapy patients and radiation patients feel? And if there is, why hasn’t my doctor told me?

What many chemotherapy patients have done is turned to the use of safe, natural herbal combinations that help boost their immune system and simultaneously combat the fatigue they feel. One specific herbal combination created specifically for chemotherapy patients increases the natural killer cell counts, increases the white blood cell and red blood cell counts, and helps restore energy levels pretty quickly. The average time that results were seen was about seven days according to a recent clinical study. The study also found that patients who were so fatigued that they were bedridden were able to get out of their bed, and even start back at work on a limited schedule after using this herbal formula to combat fatigue in chemotherapy patients.

The reason why it works is that the herbal combination contains 15 herbs that address the diminished white blood cell and red blood cell count, and have anti-cancer properties that address the growth of the tumor. Herbs are known also to help restore the body after strong cancer treatments, and according to Chinese medical journals, they have been used as adjunct therapy for cancer patients for decades.

Find out more information on how to combat fatigue in chemotherapy patients at http://www.immuneenhance.com/products

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  • Regulates blood cell counts
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  • Activates NK cells
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Why Some People Shake Off The Flu In A Couple Of Days, While Others Suffer Longer, Or Die

Jun 05

ENERhance: Boost and Restore Energy: natural herbs, vitamins & minerals

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ScienceDaily (Mar. 30, 2009) — For some people it is a certainty: as soon as the annual flu season gets underway, they are sure to go down with it. It is little comfort to know that there are other people who are apparently resistant to flu or overcome the illness after just a couple of days. It is this phenomenon that is now being investigated by researchers at the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, using various strains of mice.

“Where there are many scientific works dealing solely with the flu virus, we have investigated how the host reacts to an infection,” says Klaus Schughart, head of the Experimental Mouse Genetics research group. In infection experiments the researchers have now discovered that an excessive immune response is responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease in mice. This overreaction has genetic roots.

For their investigations the researchers injected seven different inbred mouse strains with the same quantity of type Influenza A flu viruses. All of the animals within one mouse strain are genetically identical, like identical twins. However, one strain differs from another just like different individuals in the human population. To their surprise, the researchers were able to identify strong differences in the progression of the influenza between the seven strains. In five of the strains the illness was mild: the animals lost weight, recovering completely after seven to eight days. However, in two of the mouse strains the animals lost weight rapidly and died after just a few days.

The researchers looked for reasons for these differences: they investigated how the immune system of the animals responds to the virus. “The mice die from their own immune defences, which are actually supposed to protect them against the virus. The immune system produces too many messengers, which have a strong activating effect on the immune cells. These cells then kill tissue cells in the lungs that are infected with the virus,” says Schughart. At the same time, these overactive cells also destroy healthy lung tissue. In mice that died the researchers also found one hundred times more viruses than in animals that survived. “It appears that the animals have specific receptors on their cells that make them more receptive to a severe viral infection.” Flu infections in humans could take a similar course, here too, genetic factors could favour a severe progression of the illness. “It is only now that we are beginning to understand the role played by the genetic factors of the host and what increased receptiveness means in the case of influenza,” says Schughart.

Every year between 10,000 and 30,000 people in Germany die from influenza, the majority via pathogens of the Influenza A type. There are various sub-types of the main type A, in which the composition of the virus envelope differs. H1N1 and H3N2 are the most widely-distributed flu strains amongst humans, H5N1 the familiar avian flu virus. The H stands for the protein haemagglutinin, with which the virus latches onto the cells of the airways, infecting them. In order for the newly-created flu viruses to leave the host cells, in turn, they require neuraminidase (N). To evade an immune response the virus changes the H and N characteristics constantly. Sometimes light, sometimes heavy: the result is a completely new virus type with a new number, with the consequences generally a severe global flu pandemic.

Journal reference:

1. Srivastava et al. Host Genetic Background Strongly Influences the Response to Influenza A Virus Infections. PLoS ONE, 2009; 4 (3): e4857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004857

Adapted from materials provided by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.


Popularity: 8% [?]

 
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